NÆS, PRÆSTØ AMT

Sydsjællands Museum, Vordingborg.
Indsendt af Henrik Høier og Palle Schjellerup.
Undersøgt af Aoife Daly og Niels Bonde.
NNU j.nr. A7989

Tømmer fra brønde
Træet er fundet ved arkæologiske udgravningerne (SMV 7546) udført af Sydsjællands Museum, Vordingborg, i "Roshøj" i 1994, og i "Næs" i 1998 og 1999. Træet, som blev fundet i brønde, har i nogle tilfælde dannet brøndkassen, i et tilfælde en stige, mens resten må betegnes som fyld. Der er undersøgt træ fra i alt 17 brønde.

71 prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt. 23 af prøverne har splintved bevaret, hvoraf fire har komplet splint. 53 prøver er dateret.

Materialet danner én stor gruppe til sammenregning af en middelkurve. Dog viser årringskurverne, at træerne i flere tilfælde er blevet påvirket af oldenborre billen, hvilket resulterer i en fire- eller femårrig cyklus i årringskurverne. Disse årringskurver er derfor ikke inkluderet i den beregnede middelkurve. 28 prøver, som repræsenterer 21 træer er brugt til bygningen af middelkurven på 430 år, som dækker perioden 452-881 e.Kr.

Middelkurven er dateret ved hjælp af grundkurver for eg fra landene omkring den vestlige Østersø.

Brønd A1154
Seks prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og dateret.
Undersøgelsen viser, at prøverne 2128078A og 2128079A sandsynligvis stammer fra samme træ. Årringskurverne fra disse prøver er sammenregnet til 21281019.
Prøverne 21280759 og 2128084A, har komplet splintved bevaret. På disse to prøver er yngste bevarede årring dannet i 798 e.Kr. Årringen på 2128084A er færdigdannet, hvilket betyder, at træerne er fældet i vinterhalvåret 798-799 e.Kr.
Den dendrokronologiske undersøgelse viser, at brønd A1154 indeholdt tømmer, som stammer fra træer, der blev fældet i vinterhalvåret 798-799 e.Kr. Brønden er formodentlig etableret i 799 e.Kr.

Brønd A1183
Én prøve af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og dateret. Prøven har ingen splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 767 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til efter 786 e.Kr.
Uden yderligere oplysninger viser denne datering, at brønden har været åben i slutningen af 700-tallet.

Brønd A1205
Fem prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt heraf tre dateret. Ingen af prøverne har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring er dannet i 732 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, kan fældningstidspunktet for træerne, som prøverne kommer fra, beregnes til efter 748 e.Kr.
Denne datering kan tolkes sådan, at brønden var etableret i midten af 700-tallet.

Brønd A1923
Tre prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt, én dateret. Den daterede prøve har ingen splintved bevaret. Prøven er udtaget fra en planke med borede huller, dvs. at planken kan være genanvendt. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 838 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til efter 854 e.Kr.
Dateringsresultatet viser at brønden var åben i anden halvdel af 800-tallet.

Brønd A2129
Én prøve af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og dateret. Prøven har ingen splintved bevaret. Yngste målte årring dannet i 756 e.Kr. Endvidere er der konstateret tre årringe (kerneved) i retning mod bark. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til efter 774 e.Kr.
Uden yderligere oplysninger viser dateringen, at brønden var åben i slutningen af 700-tallet.

Brønd A2140
Én prøve af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og dateret. Prøven er udtaget fra en meget bred planke, som ifølge indsenderen, sandsynligvis har været side planke i brønd konstruktionen. Prøven har ingen splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 763 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til efter 779 e.Kr.
Brønden er etableret efter ca. 780 e.Kr.

Brønd A2185
Ni prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt heraf otte dateret. Den dendrokronologiske undersøgelse viser, at prøverne fra brønden danner en hovedgruppe, mens to prøver falder udenfor gruppen.

Hovedgruppen
Undersøgelsen viser, at prøverne 2128018A og 21280191/2, sandsynligvis stammer fra samme træ. Årringskurverne er sammenregnet til 21281029. Undersøgelsen viser endvidere, at prøverne 21280089, 2128021A og 21280229 sandsynligvis stammer fra et træ, og årringskurverne er sammenregnet til 21281039.
Hovedgruppen består af disse fem prøver (21280089, 2128018A, 21280191/2, 2128021A og 21280229), som repræsenterer to træer. Komplet splintved er bevaret på to af prøverne, som stammer fra samme træ. Yngste bevarede årring på disse to prøver er dannet i 882 e.Kr., og årringene er ikke færdigdannet, hvilket betyder, at træet er fældet i forår eller sommer 882 e.Kr. Begge træer er sandsynligvis fældet samtidig.

Prøverne udenfor hovedgruppen
Yngste bevarede årring på en prøve (2128020A), med splintved bevaret, er dannet i 763 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til mellem 776-791 e.Kr.
Én prøve (21280079) er udtaget fra en del af en stige. Prøven har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring er dannet i 807 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til mellem 810-825 e.Kr.

Uden yderligere oplysninger viser undersøgelsen, at brønden kan være etableret i slutningen af 700-tallet og åben endnu i foråret/sommeren 882 e.Kr. Stigen er fremstillet i ca. 815 e.Kr.

Brønd A4168
Fire prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt, heraf tre dateret. Årringskurverne fra prøverne krydsdaterer indbyrdes. Én af de daterede prøver har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 785 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til mellem 785-794 e.Kr.
Brønden er formodentlig etableret i slutningen af 780's e.Kr.

Brønd A4170
To prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og én dateret. Den daterede prøve har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring er dannet i 694 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til mellem 708-723 e.Kr.
Uden yderlige oplysninger viser dateringsresultatet, at brønden var åben i begyndelsen af 700-tallet.

Brønd A4173
Syv prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt heraf seks dateret. To af de daterede prøver har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 746 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træerne, som prøverne kommer fra, beregnet til mellem 747- ca. 760 e.Kr.
Brønden er formodentlig etableret i midten af 700-tallet.

Brønd A4174
Én prøve af Quercus sp., eg undersøgt. Prøven er ikke dateret.

Brønd A4175
To prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og én dateret. Den daterede prøve har ingen splintved bevaret. Prøven er udtaget fra en planke med borede huller, dvs. planken kan evt. være genanvendt. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 664 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til efter 680 e.Kr.
Uden yderligere oplysninger viser dateringsresultatet, at brønden var åben i slutningen af 600-tallet.

Brønd A4187
Seks prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt heraf tre dateret. Prøverne kommer fra træ som dannede brøndkassen. Én af de daterede prøver har splintved bevaret. Den yngste bevarede årring i denne prøve er dannet i 675 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til mellem 679-694 e.Kr.

De to andre daterede prøver har ingen splintved bevaret. Deres datering ligger senere end den føromtalte. Yngste målte årring er dannet i 834 e.Kr. Hertil skal der lægges 31 umålte årringe samt manglende splintved. Fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven stammer fra, er beregnet til efter 880 e.Kr.

To af prøverne (2128037A og 21280389) krydsdaterer og sammenregnes til en middelkurve på 138 år (2128M002). Middelkurven kunne ikke dateres.

Uden yderligere oplysninger viser resultaterne, at brønden blev etableret ca. 680 og genetableret eller repareret - evt. tilkastet - i slutningen af 800-tallet.

Brønd A4195
Ti prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt heraf otte dateret.
Undersøgelsen viser, at nogle af prøverne sandsynligvis stammer fra samme træ. Årringskurverne fra disse prøver er respektivt sammenregnet til "trækurver"

De otte daterede prøver repræsenterer fire træer.
To prøver (2128023A og 21280319) kommer sandsynligvis fra et træ. Årringskurverne er sammenregnet til 21281049. Splintved er ikke bevaret på prøverne. Yngste bevarede årring er dannet i 674 e.Kr. Træet, som prøverne kommer fra, er fældet efter 691 e.Kr.

To andre prøver (2128026A og 21280279) kommer sandsynligvis fra samme træ. Årringskurverne er sammenregnet til 21281089. En af disse prøver har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 753 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved er fældningstidspunktet beregnet til mellem 756-771 e.Kr.

En prøve (2128025A) har komplet splintved bevaret. Yngste årring er dannet i 784 e.Kr. Barkringen er ikke færdigdannet hvilket betyder, at træet er fældet i vækstsæsonen, maj til august 784 e.Kr.

Tre prøver (21280299, 2128030A og 2128032A) kommer sandsynligvis fra samme træ. Årringskurverne er sammenregnet til 21281059. To af disse prøver har splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring er dannet i 798 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved er fældningstidspunktet beregnet til mellem 799-808 e.Kr.

Brønd A4195 indeholdt tømmer, som giver tre forskellige dateringer, henholdsvis mellem 756-771 e.Kr., forår/sommer 784 e.Kr. og mellem 799-808 e.Kr.

Uden nærmere oplysninger viser dateringsresultaterne, at brønden var åben ca. 750 - 800 e.Kr.

Brønd A4210
To prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og begge er dateret. Prøverne har ingen splintved bevaret. Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 719 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træerne, som prøverne kommer fra, beregnet til efter 735 e.Kr.
Uden yderligere oplysninger viser undersøgelsen, at brønden var åben i midten af 700-tallet.

Brønd A4211
Otte prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt heraf er fem dateret. Ifølge indsenderen kommer fire af de daterede prøver fra selve brøndkassen. Ingen af disse prøver dog har splintved bevaret. Undersøgelsen viser, at tre af disse fire prøver (21280509, 21280539 og 2128055A) sandsynligvis stammer fra samme træ. Årringskurverne fra disse prøver er sammenregnet til 21281069.
Yngste bevarede årringe er dannet i 660 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved er fældningstidspunktet for træerne som har leverede tømmer til brøndkassen, beregnet til efter 676 e.Kr.

Yngste bevarede årring på den sidste daterede prøve (2128048A) fra brønden er dannet i 712 e.Kr. Prøven har ingen splintved bevaret. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træet, som prøven kommer fra, beregnet til efter 728 e.Kr.

Brønden var etableret i slutningen af 600-tallet og stadig var åben i 730'erne e.Kr.

Brønd A4214 Roshøj
Tre prøver af Quercus sp., eg, er undersøgt og dateret. Prøverne har ingen splintved bevaret.
Undersøgelsen viser, at prøverne 2128069A og 2128070A sandsynligvis stammer fra samme træ. Årringskurverne fra disse prøver er sammenregnet til 21281079.
Yngste bevarede årring dannet i 713 e.Kr. Ved tillæg for manglende splintved, er fældningstidspunktet for træerne, som prøverne kommer fra, beregnet til efter 729 e.Kr.
Uden yderligere oplysninger viser dateringsresultaterne, at brønden formodentlig var åben i 730'erne eller 740'erne

Splintstatistik Bonde upubl; ca. 20 år+10/-5

 
Henvisninger:
Baillie M.G.L. og Pilcher, J.R. 1973, A simple crossdating program for tree-ring research. Tree-Ring Bulletin 33. pp. 7-14
 

Katalog

English summary:

NÆS, PRÆSTØ AMT

Timber from wells
The timber was found during archaeological excavation (SMV 7546) carried out by Sydsjællands Museum, Vordingborg, in "Roshøj" in 1994 and in "Næs" in 1998 and 1999. The wood which was found in wells, have in some instances been used to line the wells, in one as a ladder, while the rest might be described as fill. In all, material from 17 wells have been examined.

71 samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined. 23 of the samples have sapwood preserved, of which four have complete sapwood. 53 samples are dated.

The material forms one large group for averaging to build a mean curve. The tree-ring curves though, show that the trees in many cases were affected by the cockchafer which results in a four or five year cycle in the tree-ring curves. These curves are therefore not included in the mean curve. 28 samples, representing 21 trees, have been used to build the mean curve of 430 years, which covers the period AD 452-881.

The mean curve is dated using master chronologies for oak from the countries around the west Baltic.

Well A1154
Six samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined and dated.
The analysis shows that the samples 2128078A and 2128079A probably come from the same tree. The tree-ring curves from these samples are averaged to 21281019.
The samples 21280759 and 2128084A, have complete sapwood preserved. On these two samples, the outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 798. The tree-ring on 2128084A is fully formed, which means that the trees were felled in the winter of AD 798/799.
The dendrochronological analysis shows that well A1154 contained timber, which comes from trees which were felled in winter AD 798/799. The well was probably established in AD 799.

Well A1183
One sample of Quercus sp., oak was examined and dated. There is no sapwood preserved on the sample. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 767. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 786.
Lacking further information, the dating shows that the well was open at the end of the AD 700's.

Well A1205
Five samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined of which three are dated. None of the samples have sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 732. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the trees, from which the samples come, is estimated to after AD 748.
This dating shows that the well was established in the mid AD 700's.

Well A1923
Three samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined and one is dated. The dated sample has no sapwood preserved. The sample was taken from a plank with bored holes, that is, the plank might be reused. The outermost tree-ring preserved was formed in AD 838. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 854.
The dating result shows that the well was open in the second half of the AD 800's.

Well 2129
One sample of Quercus sp., oak was examined and dated. The sample has no sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 756. In addition three tree-rings (heartwood) were noted towards bark. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 774.
Lacking further information the dating shows that the well was open at the end of the AD 700's.

Well A2140
One sample of Quercus sp., oak was examined and dated. The sample was taken from a very wide plank which, according to the archaeologist, had probably been a side plank in the well construction. The sample has no sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 763. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 779.
The well was established after circa AD 780.

Well A2185
Nine samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined of which eight are dated. The dendrochronological analysis shows that the samples from the well form a main group while two samples fall outside the group.

Main group
The analysis shows that the samples 2128018A and 21280191/2 probably come from the same tree. The tree-ring curves are averaged to 21281029. The analysis further shows that samples 21280089, 2128021A and 21280229 probably also come from one tree, and the tree-ring curves are averaged to 21281039.
The main group consists of these five samples (21280089, 2128018A, 21280191/2, 2128021A and 21280229), which represent two trees. Complete sapwood is preserved on two of these samples which come from the same tree. The outermost tree-ring on these two samples was formed in AD 882, and the tree-rings are not fully formed, which means that the tree was felled in the spring or summer of AD 882. Both of the trees here were probably felled at the same time.

Samples outside the main group
The outermost preserved tree-ring on one sample (2128020A), with sapwood preserved, was formed in AD 763. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to between AD 776-791. One sample (21280079) is taken from part of a ladder. This sample also had sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 807. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to between AD 810-825.

Lacking further information, the analysis shows that the well can have been established at the end of the AD 700's, and still open in the spring/summer of AD 882. The ladder was made in around AD 815.

Well A4168
Four samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined of which three are dated. The tree-ring curves from the samples cross-match internally. One of the dated samples has sapwood preserved. The outermost tree-ring was formed in AD 785. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to between AD 785-794.
The well was probably established at the end of AD 780's.

Well A4170
Two samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined and one is dated. The dated sample has sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 694. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to between AD 708-723.
Lacking further information the dating result shows that the well was open in the beginning of the AD 700's.

Well A4173
Seven samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined of which six are dated. Two of the dated samples have sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 746. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the trees, from which the samples come, is estimated to between AD 747 to circa AD 760.
The well was probably established in the mid AD 700's.

Well A4174
One sample of Quercus sp., oak was examined. The sample could not be dated.

Well A4175
Two samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined and one is dated. The dated sample has no sapwood preserved. The sample is taken from a plank with bored holes, that is, the plank can have been reused. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 664. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 680.
Lacking further information the dating result shows that the well was open in the beginning of the AD 600's.

Well A4187
Six samples of Quercus sp., were examined of which three are dated. The samples come from trees which lined the well. One of the dated samples has sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring on this sample was formed in AD 675. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to between AD 679-694.

The other two dated samples have no sapwood preserved. Their dating is later than that of the aforementioned. The outermost tree-ring was formed in AD 834. After this there are 31 unmeasured heartwood rings and missing sapwood. The felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 880.

Two of the samples from this well (2128037A and 21280389) cross-match and are averaged to a mean curve of 138 years (2128M002). This mean curve cannot be dated.

Lacking further information, the results show that the well was established around AD 680 and was reestablished or repaired - or perhaps filled in - at the end of the AD 800's.

Well A4195
Ten samples of Quercus sp, oak were examined of which eight are dated.
The analysis shows that some samples probably come from the same tree. The tree-ring curves from these samples are respectively averaged to "tree-curves".
The eight dated samples represent four trees.

Two samples (2128023A and 21280319) probably come from one tree. The tree-ring curves are averaged to 21281049. Sapwood is not preserved on the sample. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 674. The tree, from which the sample comes, was felled after AD 691.

Two other samples (2128026A and 21280279) probably come from the same tree. The tree-ring curves are averaged to 21281089. One of these samples has sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 753. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date is estimated to between AD 756-771.

One sample (2128025A) has complete sapwood preserved. The outermost tree-ring was formed in AD 784. The bark ring is not fully formed which means that the tree was felled in the growing season, May to August AD 784.

Three samples (21280299, 2128030A and 2128032A) probably come from the same tree. The tree-rings are averaged to 21281059. Two of these samples have sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 798. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date is estimated to between AD 799-808.

Well A4195 contained timber which gives three different dates, between AD 756-771, spring/summer AD 784 and between AD 799-808.

Lacking further information, the dating results show that the well was open around AD 750 - 800.

Well A4210
Two samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined and both are dated. The samples have no sapwood preserved. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 719. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the trees, from which the samples come, is estimated to after AD 735.
Lacking further information, the analysis shows that the well was open in the mid AD 700's.

Well A4211
Eight samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined of which five are dated. From the archaeological observations we know that four of the dated samples come from the actual well lining. However none of these samples have sapwood preserved. The analysis shows that three of these four samples (21280509, 21280539 and 2128055A) probably come from the same tree. The tree-ring curves from these samples are averaged to 21281069.
The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 660. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the trees which were used in lining the well, is estimated to after AD 676.
The outermost preserved tree-ring on the last dated sample (2128048A) from the well was formed in AD 712. The sample has no sapwood preserved. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the tree, from which the sample comes, is estimated to after AD 728.
The well was established in the end of the AD 600's and was still open in the AD 730's.

Well A4214 Roshøj
Three samples of Quercus sp., oak were examined and dated. The samples have only heartwood preserved. The analysis shows that samples 2128069A and 2128070A probably come from the same tree. The tree-ring curves from these samples are averaged to 21281079. The outermost preserved tree-ring was formed in AD 713. Allowing for missing sapwood, the felling date for the trees, from which the samples come, is estimated to after AD 729.
Lacking further information, the dating results show that the well was probably open in the AD 730's or 740's.
 

Sapwood statistic: Bonde upubl; circa 20 years -5/+10

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